Two efficiency numbers
Caption-led silent film. All diagrams are illustrative.

00:00:00.000 — Graphene can electrically switch an outgoing beam.
Han and colleagues demonstrated 57 degrees of electrical beam switching. This is an optical result, not a measured propulsion result.
Han et al., Light: Science & Applications (2025), DOI: 10.1038/s41377-025-01967-y.

00:00:10.000 — Two efficiency numbers use different denominators.
For one state, 7.8% of incident power reaches the selected beam. The 83.6% relative efficiency uses total measured scattered power instead.
Han et al. (2025). Other state: 8.4% absolute and 76.5% relative.