WEBVTT

1
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An externally supplied beam carries momentum. Perfect reflection reverses the light and transfers twice its incident momentum.

2
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For the same 2 W beam, ideal absorption gives P/c; ideal normal reflection gives 2P/c. Real surfaces require measured optical properties.

3
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A patterned optical surface can redistribute outgoing light. Calculate force from the complete change in optical momentum.

4
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Ladbrook and colleagues mapped unusually broad structural boundaries in a cuprate. The colored regions here are an explanatory drawing.

5
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Conventional graphene Raman maps average over the laser spot. Finer variations can affect spectra without being individually imaged.

6
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Han and colleagues demonstrated 57 degrees of electrical beam switching. This is an optical result, not a measured propulsion result.

7
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For one state, 7.8% of incident power reaches the selected beam. The 83.6% relative efficiency uses total measured scattered power instead.

8
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MF-01 is a proposed measurement program. Establish the known-force reference and calibrate the complete instrument before testing a new surface.

9
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Thermal expansion, residual gas, electrical coupling and vibration can affect a force measurement. Use controlled interventions to separate them.

10
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The proposed four-window design helps reject linear drift. Settling time, correlations and exclusion rules must be established before a decisive test.

11
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Compare matched samples and repeated states. A useful improvement must survive uncertainty, cycling and a controlled rebuild.

12
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The goal is a reproducible connection between structure, light and force. Alpha 1 remains a separate, unvalidated hypothesis.