{
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "review_date": "2026-10-21",
  "title": "Structure, light and force: evidence and calculator specification",
  "scope": "Educational and research-planning tools; no Metric Flight force measurement or validated materials-to-force solver is supplied.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "ladbrook2026",
      "authors": "Evie Ladbrook; Jon P. Wright; Mark S. Senn",
      "title": "Giant Domain Walls and Intrinsic Heterogeneity in 214 Cuprate Superconductors",
      "journal": "Physical Review Letters 137, 126504 (2026)",
      "doi": "10.1103/r62x-kt5j",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1103/r62x-kt5j",
      "full_text": "https://arxiv.org/html/2511.18938v2",
      "publication_date": "2026-09-17",
      "status": "Published structural measurement",
      "material": "La1.675Eu0.2Sr0.125CuO4 (LESCO), a 1/8-doped 214 cuprate",
      "anchors": {
        "wall_width_nm_approx": 150,
        "wall_separation_um_range": [
          0.5,
          2
        ],
        "room_temperature_K": 300,
        "low_temperature_K": 100,
        "reconstruction_resolution_nm_reported": 70
      },
      "finding": "Bulk strain reconstructions reveal broad tetragonal-like regions within the orthorhombic phase and fine orthorhombic-like features at low temperature.",
      "limit": "Direct spatial correlation with electronic response remains open. No demonstrated improvement in superconductivity, optical force, graphene performance or Alpha 1 coupling. Heterogeneity was previously known; the advance concerns bulk spatial organization.",
      "figure_policy": "Original schematic only unless figure-specific licensing and attribution are checked; do not label synthetic maps as measured reconstructions.",
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "id": "fei2013",
      "authors": "Z. Fei et al.",
      "title": "Electronic and plasmonic phenomena at graphene grain boundaries",
      "journal": "Nature Nanotechnology 8, 821\u2013825 (2013)",
      "doi": "10.1038/nnano.2013.197",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.197",
      "full_text": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.6827",
      "status": "Published infrared nano-imaging",
      "anchors": {
        "effective_electronic_barrier_width_nm_range": [
          10,
          20
        ]
      },
      "finding": "Infrared plasmon interference images resolve CVD graphene grain boundaries. Electronic barriers scatter plasmons and impede electrical transport.",
      "limit": "The effective electronic barrier width is not an atomic boundary thickness or a universal graphene constant. Suggested tunable reflectors and phase retarders are possible applications, not a demonstrated propulsion system.",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "id": "neumann2015",
      "authors": "Christoph Neumann et al.",
      "title": "Raman spectroscopy as probe of nanometre-scale strain variations in graphene",
      "journal": "Nature Communications 6, 8429 (2015)",
      "doi": "10.1038/ncomms9429",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9429",
      "full_text": "https://arxiv.org/html/1406.7771v2",
      "status": "Published spectroscopy",
      "anchors": {
        "typical_confocal_spot_nm_approx": 500,
        "experiment_excitation_nm": 532
      },
      "finding": "Raman map values average across the illumination spot. Raman 2D linewidth can nevertheless indicate strain variation below that spot size.",
      "limit": "Sub-spot sensitivity does not produce a spatial image of each nanoscale boundary. A blur slider is an illustrative point-spread model, not a reconstruction of these experiments or the cuprate sample.",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "id": "han2025",
      "authors": "Sangjun Han; Jinseok Kong; Junho Choi; Won Chegal; Min Seok Jang",
      "title": "Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces",
      "journal": "Light: Science & Applications 14, 292 (2025)",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41377-025-01967-y",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-025-01967-y",
      "full_text": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12381093/",
      "publication_date": "2025-08-27",
      "status": "Published optical measurement; no thrust measurement",
      "anchors": {
        "incident_power_W": 0.00337,
        "frequency_THz": 41.17,
        "wavelength_um_rounded": 7.281,
        "incidence_deg": 45,
        "spot_diameter_um": 213,
        "selected_angle_separation_deg": 57
      },
      "states": [
        {
          "id": "A",
          "bias_V": 10,
          "selected_order": -1,
          "selected_angle_deg": -12,
          "absolute_efficiency": 0.078,
          "relative_efficiency": 0.836
        },
        {
          "id": "B",
          "bias_V": -80,
          "selected_order": 0,
          "selected_angle_deg": 45,
          "absolute_efficiency": 0.084,
          "relative_efficiency": 0.765
        }
      ],
      "efficiency_definition": {
        "absolute": "Selected scattered optical power / incident optical power",
        "relative": "Selected scattered optical power / net scattered optical power"
      },
      "limit": "Selected-order efficiency is not total reflectance. The unselected fraction is not automatically absorption. Force values below are our derived contributions; no high-power qualification or continuous-voltage interpolation is asserted.",
      "year": 2025,
      "finding": "A single-gate graphene hybrid device switches selected reflected mid-infrared diffraction orders by 57 degrees; measured absolute efficiencies are 7.8% and 8.4%."
    },
    {
      "id": "afridi2026",
      "authors": "Adeel Afridi; Bruno Melo; Nadine Meyer; Romain Quidant",
      "title": "Controlling the sign of optical forces using metaoptics",
      "journal": "Nature Communications 17, 1163 (2026)",
      "doi": "10.1038/s41467-025-67928-6",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67928-6",
      "full_text": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12858989/",
      "publication_date": "2026-01-09",
      "status": "Published force measurement on suspended silicon metasurfaces",
      "anchors": {
        "wavelength_nm": 1550,
        "counterpropagating_beams": 2,
        "power_per_beam_W": 0.02,
        "silicon_membrane_thickness_nm": 350,
        "atmospheric_pressure": true
      },
      "finding": "Distinct fabricated geometries show attraction toward intensity maxima or minima in an externally formed standing wave. Force also depends on position within the wave.",
      "limit": "Tethered membrane and external beams form the apparatus. This is not self-contained propulsion. Geometry sliders require simulated or measured response data, not an invented interpolation between two specimens.",
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "calculator": {
    "status": "Calculated conventional photon momentum in vacuum; educational idealizations",
    "c_m_s": 299792458,
    "general_equation": "F = (sum(P_in * s_in) - sum(P_out * s_out)) / c",
    "general_conditions": [
      "Steady or cycle-averaged fields with no net stored-field momentum change.",
      "Include every optical escape channel; integrate angular spectra when beams are not collimated.",
      "Account separately for thermal radiation, external electrical connections, supports and surrounding media.",
      "The source is external to the sample; the complete system conserves momentum."
    ],
    "simple_normal_incidence": {
      "coordinates": "+z follows the incoming beam; x lies along the surface. Reflected theta is measured from -z; transmitted phi from +z.",
      "equations": {
        "Fx": "-P/c * (R*sin(theta) + T*sin(phi))",
        "Fz": "P/c * (1 + R*cos(theta) - T*cos(phi))"
      },
      "requirements": [
        "P >= 0; finite numeric inputs.",
        "R, T, A each in [0,1]; R+T+A=1 within numerical tolerance.",
        "Angles in [-90,90] degrees for their designated hemisphere.",
        "A is supplied or a residual only when every outgoing optical channel is included.",
        "No inferred temperature from A alone: thermal properties and heat paths are required."
      ],
      "benchmarks": {
        "power_W": 2,
        "perfect_normal_mirror_nN": 13.342563807926082,
        "perfect_absorber_optical_nN": 6.671281903963041,
        "perfect_undeviated_transmitter_nN": 0
      },
      "limit": "User-selected beam fractions and angles are assumed optical responses, not automatically realizable devices or graphene predictions."
    },
    "graphene_difference": {
      "definition": "B minus A at fixed incident power and alignment; selected outgoing-order contribution only",
      "selected_equation": "DeltaFx_selected = -P/c * (0.084*sin(45 deg) - 0.078*sin(-12 deg))",
      "selected_delta_at_published_power_pN": -0.8499862083476567,
      "conditional_two_order_delta_pN": -0.6680523759346348,
      "conditional_other_order_fractions": {
        "A": 0.015301435406698566,
        "B": 0.025803921568627444
      },
      "conditional_assumptions": [
        "Rounded relative efficiencies account for all scattered power.",
        "Only the two stated directions carry scattered power.",
        "Other electromagnetic and thermal momentum differences are absent."
      ],
      "labels": [
        "Calculated selected-order contribution",
        "Conditional two-order reconstruction; not a measured total force"
      ],
      "missing_channel_rule": "If unmeasured channels remain, mark total force incomplete; do not replace missing optical momentum with zero."
    },
    "uncertainty": {
      "equation": "u_F^2 = J Sigma J^T; U = k*u_F",
      "requirements": [
        "Use standard uncertainties as inputs and declare coverage factor.",
        "State covariance assumptions; do not silently assume independent calibration, power and thermal terms.",
        "Statistical 1/sqrt(N) averaging only applies when effective independence is justified.",
        "Planning allocations are not measured uncertainty or a qualified pass result."
      ]
    }
  },
  "visual_contract": {
    "persistent_labels": [
      "Published external result",
      "Calculated from stated inputs",
      "Illustrative synthetic structure",
      "Uploaded data \u2014 not independently verified"
    ],
    "source_vs_model": "Keep cuprate, graphene and silicon examples distinct; their length scales and response functions do not transfer automatically.",
    "resolution_demo": "Convolve an explicitly synthetic spatial map with a declared point-spread function. Display nominal feature width and measurement resolution separately. Show blur without claiming recovery below resolution.",
    "motion": "Show an external beam source; force and beam directions follow the same equations. Motion can be exaggerated for visibility but must say so. Include pause and reduced-motion modes.",
    "structure_response": "Do not turn a structure-only map into conductivity, optical response or thrust without a stated, validated constitutive model.",
    "alpha1": "No cited source measures Alpha 1, a new field or net self-acceleration of a closed assembly."
  },
  "measurement_import": {
    "minimum_fields": [
      "sample_id",
      "material_stack",
      "wavelength_nm",
      "incident_power_W",
      "angle_definition",
      "power_channel_definition",
      "instrument_resolution",
      "temperature_K",
      "bias_V",
      "uncertainty_definition",
      "source_or_run_id"
    ],
    "recommended_observables": [
      "Raman G and 2D positions and linewidths",
      "AFM topography where appropriate",
      "Angular reflected and transmitted power",
      "Diffuse scatter and absorption accounting",
      "Temperature history",
      "Repeated switching states and reassembly repeats"
    ],
    "comparison_rule": "Compare matched conditions and show missing metadata. A sample with incomplete optical channels cannot receive a total force ranking."
  }
}