METRIC FLIGHT / TOOL 03 / PUBLISHED CASE

VISUAL LABORATORY · EDITION 10

A switch in direction.
A question of force.

Inspect a published graphene optical switch and the limited momentum calculation its reported states support.

PUBLISHED OPTICAL STATES / CALCULATED CONTRIBUTION41.17 THz · 45° incidence
EXTERNAL INCIDENT BEAMSELECTED ORDER −12°GRAPHENE / METAL / DIELECTRIC STACKOnly one outgoing order shown. Other channels remain unresolved here.
Selected power 7.8%Remaining incident-power fraction 92.2%

REPORTED STATE PRESETS

Published measurement power: 3.37 mW.

Only two reported states are offered. We do not infer a continuous angle-versus-voltage curve.

Selected-order absolute efficiency
7.8 %
Selected-order relative efficiency
83.6 %
Selected contribution to ΔFx, B − A
−0.849986 pN

Includes inputs, units, assumptions and model version. Calculations run in your browser.

READ THE DENOMINATOR

An efficient direction
is not the whole power budget.

Absolute efficiency divides selected outgoing power by incident power. Relative efficiency divides it by the paper’s net scattered-power denominator. Neither number alone specifies every outgoing channel or absorbed power.

ΔFx, selected = −(P/c) [0.084 sin(45°) − 0.078 sin(−12°)]
At P = 3.37 mW: −0.849986 pN
This is our calculation of a selected outgoing-order contribution, not a published force measurement or a prediction of total device force. The identical incident beam cancels in B − A only if its intercepted power and direction truly remain unchanged. Unaccounted optical channels, thermal recoil and electrical forces can alter the full result.

Research basis: Sangjun Han, 2025. Read findings and limits ↗

A material model is a starting point. A prediction earns confidence through measurement, controls and independent review.

See the first experiment↗Read the research package↗