Casimir forces

On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates

1948 · Foundational theory

Theory & models

What this work contributes

Derives an attractive interaction for ideal parallel conducting plates from the change in electromagnetic zero-point energy. The ideal zero-temperature pressure scales as the inverse fourth power of separation.

Where the evidence stops

The ideal formula is not a whole-vehicle thrust equation. Real conductivity, temperature, surface roughness, geometry, and supporting structures must be included.

Original source

H. B. G. Casimir. On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 51, 793–795 (1948).

No DOI listed for this record. Use the original institutional source.

How we use it

This record belongs to Casimir forces. Its evidence label describes the cited work, not the maturity of a Metric Flight device. Follow the original methods, corrections and conditions before transferring a result to a different geometry or scale.

Editorial note reviewed 19 October 2026. AI assisted research discovery and synthesis. Citation metadata and claims were checked against primary publication or institutional records; full-text access varies. Read the source for the complete method.