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SBIR/STTR Program Definitions: Technology Readiness Levels
NASA
Technology maturity · Official maturity definitions
Nonreciprocal scattering and implications for thermal emission control on a mid-infrared spatiotemporally modulated metasurface
Anatoly Efimov, Chun-Chieh Chang, Simo Pajovic, Wilton J. M. Kort-Kamp, Dongsung Kim, Hou-Tong Chen, Diego A. R. Dalvit, Abul K. Azad
Nonequilibrium frontier · Published scattering experiment with thermal-emission theory
Propulsion force and heat transfer for nonreciprocal nanoparticles
Laila Henkes, Kiryl Asheichyk, Matthias Krüger
Nonequilibrium frontier · Published theoretical analysis
Direct radiation pressure measurements for lightsail membranes
Lior Michaeli; Ramon Gao; Michael D. Kelzenberg; Claudio U. Hail; Adrien Merkt; John E. Sader; Harry A. Atwater
Photon force measurement · Peer-reviewed laboratory measurements
Update on NASA’s Advanced Composite Solar Sail System
NASA
Deployable structures · Flight deployment; dated operational update
Practical realization of the watt from Planck’s constant using radiation pressure
Brian J. Simonds, Kyle A. Rogers, Sven Schulze, David Newell, Gordon Shaw, Johannes Wahl, Paul A. Williams, John H. Lehman
Photon momentum metrology · Published laboratory measurement and standards comparison
Dynamically stable radiation pressure propulsion of flexible lightsails for interstellar exploration
Ramon Gao; Michael D. Kelzenberg; Harry A. Atwater
Multiphysics simulation · Peer-reviewed computational study
Broadband nonreciprocal thermal emissivity and absorptivity
Komron J. Shayegan, Jae S. Hwang, Bo Zhao, Aaswath P. Raman, Harry A. Atwater
Nonequilibrium frontier · Published laboratory optical and thermal measurement
The LightSail 2 Solar Sailing Mission Summary
David A. Spencer; John M. Bellardo; Bruce Betts; Justin Mansell; Barbara Plante
Solar sailing · Flight mission report
Direct observation of the violation of Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation
Komron J. Shayegan, Souvik Biswas, Bo Zhao, Shanhui Fan, Harry A. Atwater
Nonequilibrium frontier · Published laboratory optical and thermal measurement
High-accuracy thrust measurements of the EMDrive and elimination of false-positive effects
M. Tajmar, O. Neunzig, M. Weikert
Force metrology · Published null experiment
Thrust measurements and evaluation of asymmetric infrared laser resonators for space propulsion
O. Neunzig; M. Weikert; M. Tajmar
Asymmetric cavity tests · Peer-reviewed laboratory null result
Near Field Propulsion Forces from Nonreciprocal Media
David Gelbwaser-Klimovsky, Noah Graham, Mehran Kardar, Matthias Krüger
Nonequilibrium frontier · Published theoretical prediction
Microscopic metavehicles powered and steered by embedded optical metasurfaces
Daniel Andrén, Denis G. Baranov, Steven Jones, Giovanni Volpe, Ruggero Verre, Mikael Käll
Optical manipulation · Published laboratory motion experiment
Axial force radiometer for primary standard laser power measurements using photon momentum
Paul Williams; Kyle Rogers; Joshua A. Hadler; Alexandra Artusio-Glimpse; John Lehman
Photon momentum metrology · Demonstrated laboratory measurement system
Self-stabilizing photonic levitation and propulsion of nanostructured macroscopic objects
Ognjen Ilic, Harry A. Atwater
Optical manipulation · Published theoretical design study
Nanophotonic Heterostructures for Efficient Propulsion and Radiative Cooling of Relativistic Light Sails
Ognjen Ilic, Cora M. Went, Harry A. Atwater
Geometry and materials · Published theoretical design study
Measurement of the Casimir torque
David A. T. Somers, Joseph L. Garrett, Kevin J. Palm, Jeremy N. Munday
Casimir experiments · Published laboratory experiment
Recommended Practice for Thrust Measurement in Electric Propulsion Testing
James E. Polk, Anthony Pancotti, Thomas Haag, Scott King, Mitchell Walker, Joseph Blakely, John Ziemer
Force metrology · Community measurement practice
Measurement of Impulsive Thrust from a Closed Radio-Frequency Cavity in Vacuum
Harold White, Paul March, James Lawrence, Jerry Vera, Andre Sylvester, David Brady, Paul Bailey
Disputed thrust claims · Published positive claim; later tests did not reproduce anomalous thrust
Charge-Induced Force Noise on Free-Falling Test Masses: Results from LISA Pathfinder
M. Armano et al. (LISA Pathfinder Collaboration)
Experimental methods · Published flight measurement
Zeptonewton force sensing with nanospheres in an optical lattice
Gambhir Ranjit, Mark Cunningham, Kirsten Casey, Andrew A. Geraci
Force calibration · Published laboratory force-sensing experiment
Sub-Femto-g Free Fall for Space-Based Gravitational Wave Observatories: LISA Pathfinder Results
M. Armano et al. (LISA Pathfinder Collaboration)
Experimental methods · Published flight measurement
NASA Begins Testing of Revolutionary E-Sail Technology
NASA
Electric sail testing · Institutional report of laboratory development
Milligram mass metrology using an electrostatic force balance
Gordon A. Shaw, Julian Stirling, John A. Kramar, Alexander D. Moses, Patrick J. Abbott, Richard L. Steiner, Andrew D. Koffman, Jon R. Pratt, Zeina J. Kubarych
Force calibration · Published laboratory metrology experiment
Anisotropic particles near surfaces: Propulsion force and friction
Boris Müller, Matthias Krüger
Nonequilibrium frontier · Published theory and numerical predictions
A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight
Philip Lubin
Beamed propulsion · Research roadmap and system concept
Use of radiation pressure for measurement of high-power laser emission
Paul A. Williams, Joshua A. Hadler, Robert Lee, Frank C. Maring, John H. Lehman
Photon momentum · Published experiment
Experimental demonstration of optical transport, sorting and self-arrangement using a ‘tractor beam’
O. Brzobohatý, V. Karásek, M. Šiler, L. Chvátal, T. Čižmár, P. Zemánek
Optical manipulation · Published laboratory experiment
Support for the thermal origin of the Pioneer anomaly
Slava G. Turyshev; Viktor T. Toth; Gary Kinsella; Siu-Chun Lee; Shing M. Lok; Jordan Ellis
Thermal recoil · Peer-reviewed flight-data and thermal-model analysis
Observation of the dynamical Casimir effect in a superconducting circuit
C. M. Wilson, G. Johansson, A. Pourkabirian, M. Simoen, J. R. Johansson, T. Duty, F. Nori, P. Delsing
Driven boundaries · Published experiment
A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance
Greg Kopp; Judith L. Lean
Photon momentum · Published measurement and calibration analysis
Small Solar Power Sail Demonstrator 'IKAROS': Confirmation of Photon Acceleration
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Flight evidence · Agency-reported flight demonstration
Removal of zero-point drift from AB data and the statistical cost
H. Erik Swanson, Stephan Schlamminger
Experimental methods · Published measurement-analysis method
Invited Article: Electric solar wind sail: Toward test missions
P. Janhunen; P. K. Toivanen; J. Polkko; S. Merikallio; P. Salminen; E. Haeggström; H. Seppänen; R. Kurppa; J. Ukkonen; S. Kiprich; G. Thornell; H. Kratz; L. Richter; O. Krömer; R.
Electric sails · Peer-reviewed concept and engineering development review
Constraints on Stable Equilibria with Fluctuation-Induced (Casimir) Forces
Sahand Jamal Rahi, Mehran Kardar, Thorsten Emig
Constraints · Published theoretical bound
Scattering theory approach to electrodynamic Casimir forces
Sahand Jamal Rahi, Thorsten Emig, Noah Graham, Robert L. Jaffe, Mehran Kardar
Geometry and materials · Published theoretical framework
Measured long-range repulsive Casimir–Lifshitz forces
J. N. Munday, Federico Capasso, V. Adrian Parsegian
Casimir experiments · Published experiment
Increased Brownian Force Noise from Molecular Impacts in a Constrained Volume
A. Cavalleri, G. Ciani, R. Dolesi, A. Heptonstall, M. Hueller, D. Nicolodi, S. Rowan, D. Tombolato, S. Vitale, P. J. Wass, W. J. Weber
Experimental methods · Published laboratory experiment and numerical comparison
Electrodynamic Tethers for Spacecraft Propulsion
Les Johnson / NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
External field coupling · Agency engineering explanation
Measurement of the Casimir Force between a Gold Sphere and a Silicon Surface with Nanoscale Trench Arrays
H. B. Chan, Y. Bao, J. Zou, R. A. Cirelli, F. Klemens, W. M. Mansfield, C. S. Pai
Geometry and materials · Published experiment
Harnessing optical forces in integrated photonic circuits
Mo Li, W. H. P. Pernice, C. Xiong, T. Baehr-Jones, M. Hochberg, H. X. Tang
Optomechanics · Published laboratory experiment
Casimir-Lifshitz Theory and Metamaterials
F. S. S. Rosa, D. A. R. Dalvit, P. W. Milonni
Geometry and materials · Published theory
Actuation of micro-optomechanical systems via cavity-enhanced optical dipole forces
Matt Eichenfield, Christopher P. Michael, Raviv Perahia, Oskar Painter
Optomechanics · Published laboratory experiment
Force Calibration Via Electrostatics
Jon R. Pratt; John A. Kramar; Gordon A. Shaw; Lee Kumanchik
Force calibration · Primary metrology research
Analysis of Radiation-Pressure Induced Mechanical Oscillation of an Optical Microcavity
T. J. Kippenberg, H. Rokhsari, T. Carmon, A. Scherer, K. J. Vahala
Optomechanics · Published laboratory experiment
Quantum mechanical actuation of microelectromechanical systems by the Casimir force
H. B. Chan, V. A. Aksyuk, R. N. Kleiman, D. J. Bishop, F. Capasso
Casimir devices · Published laboratory experiment
The TSS-1R Electrodynamic Tether Experiment: Scientific and Technological Results
Nobie H. Stone; John Raitt
Electrodynamic tethers · Flight experiment report
The unphysical nature of 'warp drive'
Michael J. Pfenning, L. H. Ford
Constraints · Published theoretical analysis
Demonstration of the Casimir Force in the 0.6 to 6 μm Range
S. K. Lamoreaux
Casimir experiments · Published experiment
Averaged energy conditions and quantum inequalities
L. H. Ford, Thomas A. Roman
Constraints · Published theoretical bounds
Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles
A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm, Steven Chu
Optical manipulation · Published laboratory experiment
On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates
H. B. G. Casimir
Casimir foundations · Foundational theory
Invariant Variation Problems
Emmy Noether; English translation by M. A. Tavel
Conservation · Established mathematical result
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Reviewed 19 October 2026. This is a curated research collection, not an exhaustive systematic review. Publication years follow the primary records; early online dates are noted where relevant.
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